Symbol meaning

What Do Angle Brackets ⟨ ⟩ Mean?

Interpret angle brackets as an inner product, ordered tuple, expectation, generated subgroup, or bra-ket component.

Compare the possible meanings

NotationTypical meaningHow to identify it
⟨u,v⟩Inner productLinear algebra
⟨a,b⟩Ordered tupleLogic or computer science
⟨X⟩Average or expectationPhysics convention
⟨S⟩Object generated by SAlgebra
⟨ψ|φ⟩Bra-ket inner productQuantum mechanics

Examples

  • ⟨u,v⟩=0 can express orthogonality.
  • ⟨a,b⟩ may preserve order unlike {a,b}.
  • The meaning of ⟨S⟩ must follow the field convention.

How to decide

Inspect the number and type of arguments, nearby vertical bars, and the mathematical field.

How to verify the interpretation

Expand the notation using the local definition and check the resulting object type.

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