∝
Unicode
U+221DLaTeX
\proptoHTML entity
∝HTML decimal
∝MathML
<mo>∝</mo>Semantic identity and intent
Characters to distinguish
- = — Equals Sign
Use ∝ in the right format
Meaning and usage
Shows that one quantity changes in direct proportion to another.
A constant of proportionality is implied and may be introduced later.
Pronunciation: proportional to
Formula examples
y\propto xF\propto 1/r^2How to type Proportional To
- Windows
- Use Character Map or enter U+221D in a Unicode-aware app.
- macOS
- Open Character Viewer with Control–Command–Space and search by name.
- Microsoft Word
- Type \propto in an equation and press Space.
- iPhone and iPad
- Copy and paste ∝, or use a math/LaTeX app. The standard iOS keyboard may not expose every mathematical symbol.
- Android
- Copy and paste ∝, or use a math keyboard or LaTeX editor. Keyboard layouts vary by device and app.
- Google Docs
- For plain text, paste ∝ or use Insert → Special characters. For structured math, use the equation editor and verify \propto.
- Excel
- Paste ∝ into a cell or use Insert → Symbol when available. Ordinary cells preserve the character but do not interpret LaTeX commands.
Common mistakes
- Preserve grouping, operator order, and spacing around ∝; A constant of proportionality is implied and may be introduced later.
- For plain text, copy ∝ as U+221D; for structured equations, use \propto in math mode. A look-alike glyph or image can break search, accessibility, or parsing when the intended character is Proportional To.
When to use ∝
- Use ∝ in plain text when a Unicode character is appropriate and the destination preserves U+221D.
- Use \propto in an equation editor when mathematical spacing or structure matters.
- Define the local meaning when Proportional To is used in comparison, algebra with a field-specific convention.
Look-alikes and related characters
- = — Equals Sign
Font and compatibility notes
Glyph shape can vary by font. Verify the code point after copying, and prefer LaTeX or MathML for structured equations.
Continue the workflow
From Proportional To to a finished equation
- Copy the characterUse ∝ in plain text when Unicode is accepted.
- Choose a structured formatUse
\proptofor LaTeX or the MathML snippet for accessible web equations. - Edit or convertOpen the value in the editor or converter without retyping it.
Review and source notes
Quality tier: specialist
Last reviewed: 2026-07-23
Review method: Catalog review of character identity and notation mappings.
Verified against: Unicode Standard, Unicode mathematical notation guidance, and established LaTeX/MathML syntax.
Reference sources
- The Unicode StandardUnicode Consortium — Character identity, encoding, names, and conformance.
- Unicode Character Code ChartsUnicode Consortium — Code points and official character charts.
Frequently asked questions
What does the Proportional To symbol mean?
Shows that one quantity changes in direct proportion to another.
What is the LaTeX command for ∝?
Use \propto in a compatible math environment.
Can I copy ∝ as Unicode?
Yes. Use the copy button above to copy the Unicode character directly.