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Essential LaTeX Math Commands
Use a compact reference for fractions, roots, operators, relations, Greek letters, matrices, and delimiters.
How to use this sheet
Start with the smallest portable command, keep grouping braces visible, and verify package requirements before sharing a document.
| Command | Purpose | Category | Package |
|---|---|---|---|
\frac |
FractionStructured numerator and denominator | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\sqrt |
Square RootSquare root or indexed radical | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\sum |
Summation OperatorFinite or infinite sum with limits | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\prod |
Product OperatorRepeated multiplication with limits | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\int |
IntegralIndefinite or definite integral | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\alpha |
AlphaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Alpha, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\beta |
BetaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Beta, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\gamma |
GammaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Gamma, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\delta |
DeltaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Delta, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\theta |
ThetaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Theta, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\lambda |
LambdaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Lambda, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\mu |
MuProduces the lowercase Greek letter Mu, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\pi |
PiProduces the lowercase Greek letter Pi, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\sigma |
SigmaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Sigma, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\phi |
PhiProduces the lowercase Greek letter Phi, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\omega |
OmegaProduces the lowercase Greek letter Omega, commonly used as a mathematical variable. | Greek Letters | Core LaTeX |
\infty |
InfinityUnbounded limit or interval endpoint | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\pm |
Plus or MinusPlus/minus alternatives | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\times |
Multiplication SignExplicit multiplication or Cartesian product | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\cdot |
Centered DotCompact multiplication or dot product | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\div |
Division SignArithmetic division | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\leq |
Less Than or EqualNon-strict order relation | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\geq |
Greater Than or EqualNon-strict order relation | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\neq |
Not EqualInequality relation | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\approx |
Approximately EqualApproximate numerical equality | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\in |
Element OfSet membership | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\notin |
Not Element OfNegated set membership | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\subset |
Proper SubsetStrict subset relation | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\cup |
UnionSet union | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\cap |
IntersectionSet intersection | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\forall |
For AllUniversal quantifier | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\exists |
There ExistsExistential quantifier | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\to |
Right ArrowMapping, limit, or transition | Symbols and Operators | Core LaTeX |
\left...\right |
Automatic Delimiter SizingScale paired delimiters to content | Structures, Accents, and Spacing | Core LaTeX |
\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix} |
Matrix EnvironmentCreate a matrix without delimiters | Structures, Accents, and Spacing | amsmath |
\text{...} |
Text in MathInsert upright explanatory text inside mathematics | Structures, Accents, and Spacing | amsmath |
Verification note
A command that renders in one editor may require a package or different environment elsewhere. Compile a minimal example in the destination system.
Open the linked full reference for aliases, usage examples, common mistakes, platform input instructions, and related tools.
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